Harvard geochemist Charlie Langmuir and our new revised and expanded HOW TO BUILD A HABITABLE PLANET in the Harvard Gazette

There is a terrific feature on Harvard University geochemistry professor Charles Langmuir and our newly revised and expanded book HOW TO BUILD A HABITABLE PLANET: The Story of Earth from the Big Bang to Humankind in the September issue of the Harvard Gazette.

From the article:

If there’s one thing Charles Langmuir wants to give people, it’s a sense of scale. The scale of their lives in human history, of human history in the lifetime of the Earth, and of the Earth in the long, broad span of the universe.

In other words, he wants to give them a little humility.

“You realize how small we are and that we are [just] a particle of the whole,” said Langmuir, Higgins Professor of Geochemistry and director of Harvard’s Mineralogical and Geological Museum.

A better sense of proportion might influence behavior, he said, so that people act as a part of nature rather than just users of it.

“It’s really what’s needed for the environmental problems we face,” Langmuir said.

Langmuir is in a somewhat privileged position to size up humanity. For the past 10 years, he worked to update “How to Build a Habitable Planet” (1985), a legendary textbook in the geosciences known for its accessibility and for the comprehensive view it takes of the Earth and its place in the universe. Earlier this month he discussed the book in a talk at the Harvard Museum of Natural History.

Langmuir, who came to Harvard in 2002, spent 20 years at Columbia University as a colleague of famed geoscientist Wallace Broecker, author of the original book. Broecker, who coined the term “global warming,” said he wrote “How to Build a Habitable Planet” because he wanted people to think more broadly about the Earth, its origins, and our impact on the planet.

The second edition, released this summer, has been greatly revised. As co-author, Broecker reviewed changes and revised some of the original chapters, but Langmuir did the bulk of the research and writing.

The original book’s nine chapters have been expanded to 21, and the page count more than doubled, to 720 from 300. That expansion was partly because Langmuir increased the book’s scope. The original didn’t include a discussion of biology, a central aspect in the Earth’s habitability, and today considered a powerful force in transforming its physical environment. Also fresh is a discussion of exoplanets, which weren’t discovered until the 1990s; recent research on the origins of life; findings on dark matter and dark energy, now known to be enormous forces in the universe; and insights on ocean floor thermal vents — Langmuir’s specialty….

Continue reading here

 

New Biology Catalog

We invite you to download and browse our 2012-2013 Biology catalog:
http://press.princeton.edu/catalogs/bio12.pdf

Be on the lookout for these new and forthcoming titles (just to name a few):

Nature’s Compass: The Mystery of Animal Navigation
by James L. Gould & Carol Grant Gould

Cells to Civilizations: The Principles of Change That Shape Life
by Enrico Coen

Darwinian Agriculture: How Understanding Evolution Can Improve Agriculture
by R. Ford Denison

Solid Biomechanics
by Roland Ennos

How and Why Species Multiply: The Radiation of Darwin’s Finches
by Peter R. Grant & B. Rosemary Grant

Atmosphere, Clouds, and Climate
by David Randall

The World’s Rarest Birds
by Erik Hirschfeld, Andy Swash & Robert Still

and more. There are too many great titles to list here. You’re just going to have to check it out online: http://press.princeton.edu/catalogs/bio12.pdf

If you are attending the First Joint Congress on Evolutionary Biology in Ottawa, stop by and visit us at booth #105!

Atmosphere, Clouds, and Climate by David Randall on NYT.com’s Green blog

Princeton Primers in Climate is our new series of short, authoritative books that explain the state of the art in climate-science research. Written specifically for students, researchers, and scientifically minded general readers looking for succinct and readable books on this frequently misunderstood subject, these primers reveal the physical workings of the global climate system with unmatched accessibility and detail.

Today the series and its new book, David Randall’s Atmosphere, Clouds, and Climate, received a nice review from Justin Gillis, environment writer for the New York Times on the NYT.com’s popular Green blog.  Gillis has written recently about clouds’ effect on climate change, and he remarks on the book’s accessibility:

Readers ready for a book-length treatment of the topic may find the right level of detail in “Atmosphere, Clouds, and Climate,” a new book by Dr. Randall published by the Princeton University Press. Dr. Randall, a professor at Colorado State University, is a leading climate scientist. His book is specifically aimed at college undergraduates taking their first dive into the subject, but anyone with a measure of scientific literacy should be able to follow it.

It walks readers through the basics of the energy cycle on the planet before embarking on a deeper consideration of feedbacks involving clouds and other parts of the “earth system,” as scientists call it.

Check out the review here, and a list of other books in the series on our website here.

 

 

If you’re ever in Brooklyn and want/need some drink and knowledge, check out the Secret Science Club as profiled in the New York Times

We were thrilled to read Jennifer Schuessler’s terrific story on the popular phenomenon of bar lecturing (and not in an intoxicated way, but a learned way!)  Check out her story here.  It looks like alcohol and science is a powerful (and successful) formula. 

The Press is pleased to have had the pleasure of working with the Secret Science Club as they’ve hosted talks for a handful of our science authors.  In particular, I was delighted to see friend-of-the-Press Dorian Devins at the SSC getting a mention!

BOOK FACT FRIDAY

FACT: “Earth is a planet with a radius of about 6,000 km, moving around the sun once a year in an orbit that is almost circular, although not precisely so. Its farthest distance from the sun, or aphelion, is about 152 million km, and its closest distance, perihelion, is about 147 million km.”

Climate and the Oceans
by Geoffrey K. Vallis

The oceans exert a vital moderating influence on the Earth’s climate system. They provide inertia to the global climate, essentially acting as the pacemaker of climate variability and change, and they provide heat to high latitudes, keeping them habitable. Climate and the Oceans offers a short, self-contained introduction to the subject. This illustrated primer begins by briefly describing the world’s climate system and ocean circulation and goes on to explain the important ways that the oceans influence climate. Topics covered include the oceans’ effects on the seasons, heat transport between equator and pole, climate variability, and global warming. The book also features a glossary of terms, suggestions for further reading, and easy-to-follow mathematical treatments.

Climate and the Oceans is the first place to turn to get the essential facts about this crucial aspect of the Earth’s climate system. Ideal for students and nonspecialists alike, this primer offers the most concise and up-to-date overview of the subject available.

“Readers interested in understanding how the ocean influences climate have had to choose between journalistic, grossly oversimplified accounts and the very technical professional literature. Geoffrey Vallis has now successfully filled that gap with a clear explanation of the ways in which the ocean is both influenced by and influences global climate.”—Carl Wunsch, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

“In this crystal-clear little book, Geoffrey Vallis masterfully explains the basics of physical oceanography and the role of the oceans in the climate system. He writes for those conversant with some university-level mathematics and physics, but whose knowledge of the oceans and climate is limited. The book moves smoothly from fundamental principles to topics of current research interest, including natural climate variability, such as El Niño, and the daunting challenge of man-made climate change, or global warming.”—Richard Somerville, Scripps Institution of Oceanography

We invite you to read Chapter 1 here: http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9636.pdf

Princeton Global Science, Issue 10

Recent articles in Princeton Global Science include:

A response from Louise Barrett to Nicholas Wade’s article for the New York Times on dog cognition. Louise is the author of the forthcoming book Beyond the Brain: How Body and Environment Shape Animal and Human Minds which will revolutionize how we think about and define intelligence.

Richard Crossley Unplugged provided some hints on becoming a better birder and tips on identifying birds by size. We also saw some early reviews for this revolutionary bird ID guide.

PUP author Roland Kays (Mammals of North America, 2nd edition) began his stint as a guest-blogger for the New York Times.

David Weintraub, author of How Old Is the Universe?, is interviewed by Sean Moncrieff on Ireland’s Newstalk radio.

Josh Bloom has a book launch for What Are Gamma-Ray Bursts? at the American Astronomical Society conference.

Our jacket designers give us a glimpse into the creativity that goes into a striking cover like the one for The Silicon Jungle by Shumeet Baluja, a novel of deception and mystery that gets at the heart of privacy issues and the googlization of information.

And lastly, Eugene Kaplan, author of What’s Eating You?: People and Parasites, invites you to become an adventurous eater.

Like Princeton Global Science? Subscribe to our RSS Feed here: http://blog.press.princeton.edu/category/pgs/feed/.

Princeton Global Science, Issue 7

After a nice long Thanksgiving break, we’re back in our offices and it is time for yet another issue of Princeton Global Science. Features of this issue include:

The first installment of Crossley Unplugged, a series of videos from birder and nature photographer Richard Crossley. In this short video, he answers the all-important question: “Where to go birding?” As we gear up for the publication of The Crossley ID Guide in March 2011, we will post many more videos from Richard that address practical birding concerns as well as provide hints to improve your identification skills.

Physical Sciences editor Ingrid Gnerlich gives us an overview of the series Princeton Primers in Climate, including a new book from David Archer on The Global Carbon Cycle.

Bobbi S. Low speaks with Earth Sciences editor Alison Kalett about the “active-learning approach” used in her new textbook An Introduction to Methods and Models in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology (co-authored with Stanton Braude).

Mathematics Editor Vickie Kearn reflects on how Ford and Fulkerson’s Flows in Networks came back in print and also speaks with Sep Kamvar, author of Numerical Algorithms for Personalized Search in Self-organizing Information Networks, about the importance of PageRank in internet searches.

Like Princeton Global Science? Subscribe to our RSS Feed here: http://blog.press.princeton.edu/category/pgs/feed/.

PGS Series: Princeton Primers in Climate

We hear a lot of noise and confusion on the subject of climate. As the subject has become politicized, the climate system has become a subject of high interest outside of the climate and Earth science community, and even outside of the scientific community altogether. Here at Princeton University Press, we felt that it was high time to launch a new series of books that gives scientifically minded readers the facts on how climate works.

 


Princeton Primers in Climate takes the complex climate system, and breaks it up into all its component parts, to explain how each part works and contributes to the working of the whole. Each book in the series is short, affordable, conversational and accessible in tone, and also quantitative. The books do include a handful of key equations (not beyond first-year, college level calculus). This is because these books are about the facts – the physics – of how climate works, so a few equations are needed to make the science absolutely clear. They are meant to reach a wide, interdisciplinary audience of readers who have no specialized background in this field, but who can handle a little bit of physics and math. For anyone looking for succinct and readable books on this frequently misunderstood subject, written by leading researchers in the field of climate science, these primers reveal the physical workings of the global climate system with unmatched accessibility and detail.

Published in November, the first title in the series is The Global Carbon Cycle. Written by David Archer, notable climate scientist and frequent contributor to realclimate.org, the book looks at the carbon cycle – an essential driver of the climate system – and its impact on climate across different geological timescales, from the deep past up to the present day. The carbon cycle is something of a thermostat for Earth’s climate, given the direct cause and effect relationship between the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and global temperature. Interestingly, however, it can stabilize the Earth’s climate or amplify natural or man-made variations in climate, depending on the timescale you’re looking at. In this sense, it was a co-conspirator both in past ice ages and in times when the Earth went through warm periods and had no ice at all.

To discover how exactly carbon influences the climate system over the short and the long term, this is the book to read. Firmly grounded in advanced climate science research but written in an accessible style, The Global Carbon Cycle makes an essential contribution to current debates surrounding climate change – by clarifying exactly what we know and don’t know about this fundamental part of the climate system.

Stay tuned for forthcoming books in this exciting new series, including The Oceans and Climate by Geoffrey K. Vallis, Natural Climate Change by Mark Cane, Atmospheric Processes by David Randall, Climate Sensitivity by Jeffrey Kiehl, Planetary Climates by Andrew Ingersoll, The Cryosphere by Shawn J. Marshall, Paleoclimate by Michael L. Bender, and Terrestrial Hydrology and the Climate System by Eric F. Wood.

PGS Behind The Scenes: Alison Kalett, editor of biological and earth sciences

Princeton University Press has always published important biology and earth sciences titles, but it was only recently that we expanded the acquisitions department to include an editor devoted to these subject areas. Alison Kalett joined the Press about three years ago (though she was here once before as you’ll learn in this Q&A) and since then has done a stellar job of pursuing and publishing books for general readers (see Thomas Seeley’s Honeybee Democracy) and course use (Stan Braude and Bobbi Low’s An Introduction to Methods and Models in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology). Recently, we had a chance to ask Alison about her plans for these growing fields.

 



What got you interested in publishing, and in science publishing specifically?

I’ve been in publishing for seven years, almost all of it at PUP. I graduated from Davidson College, a liberal arts college in North Carolina, with a B.A. in history. I decided against pursuing a PhD, but was interested in staying in the world of ideas, so to speak. Ultimately, I realized that scholarly publishing was a great way to remain immersed in important and relevant scholarship. As for science, I started my career as assistant to Vickie Kearn, the PUP math editor. After that, I was a history editor for two years, but was increasingly drawn to science publishing, and specifically biology and earth science, because of the fascinating work happening on those fields, from evo-devo to climate science. It was also great that PUP already had a strong history of publishing important books in these fields.

What are the biggest areas of growth in both biology and earth sciences at PUP, and what are your plans for these lists?

I’m growing the biology and earth science list both in terms of subfields in which we publish, as well as the types of books we publish. For example, on the biology list we are publishing more textbooks. Recently we published Stan Braude and Bobbi Low’s An Introduction to Methods and Models in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology and next season we’re publishing John Kricher’s Tropical Ecology, a hugely needed textbook that also complements our strong list in ecology generally. In addition to broadening the type of books we publish, I’m also pushing into new subfields, ones that are exciting in their own right and also complement our core strengths in ecology and evolutionary biology as well as other PUP lists such as earth science, cognitive science, mathematics, and behavioral economics. For example, I’ll be publishing more books in behavioral biology, global change biology, and mathematical biology. The same can be said for the earth science list. In addition to our great popular science titles, we are publishing more textbooks and primers, most notably the Princeton Primers in Climate series discussed below.

How important is the acquisition of textbooks to your publishing program? What are the challenges you face in publishing useful textbooks—is there a lot of competition? Are these courses widespread in higher education?

Textbooks are a very important part of my publishing program, in both biology and earth science. Textbooks complement the more specialized monographs we publish and can play an important role in shaping a field intellectually and how it is taught for years to come. To give one example, in a year or so we’ll be publishing a groundbreaking textbook called Introduction to Mathematical Biology by Lou Gross, Suzanne Lenhardt, and Erin Bodine. There are some great textbook publishers out there and because writing a textbook can be a time consuming and challenging experience it’s often difficult to find authors who are interested in writing a textbook, and who are also good teachers and well known in their fields. The growth of e-publishing will also present some new challenges for textbook publishing. What makes the PUP textbook program unique, I think, is that I look for texts (mostly at the advanced undergraduate level) that fit the overall intellectual strengths of the lists and also help propel a field forward in addition to slotting into courses.

Are there any books in the works now that you’re especially excited about? Why?

Too many to mention here! For the sake of space, I’ll mention just a few and since I’ve mostly discussed textbooks and monographs up to now and I’ll speak to popular science books in the works. There’s Tom Seeley’s Honeybee Democracy, a book that not only tells a great story about honeybees but has something important to say about social behavior and how groups can work together effectively. Also coming shortly, there’s Louise Barrett’s , Not by Brains Alone: The Body, The Environment, and the Evolution of Cognition, which counters a lot of accepted wisdom on the role of the brain in cognition and behavior. I’m excited about these books because they make fascinating, cutting edge science accessible to a broad audience.

What series are you working on, and why are these important to science publishing?

Both the biology and earth science list have several key series, some well-established and others recently launched. We’re perhaps best known for our monographs in population biology series, which has published some landmark books in ecology and evolutionary biology. There’s also our new Primers in Complex Systems series which is a joint enterprise between the science and social science editors, as well as the Santa Fe Institute. The first book in that series, Deborah Gordon’s Ant Encounters, was recently published. One of our most important new series is the Princeton Primers in Climate series. The goal of this series is to publish short books on key topics in climate science written by the field’s leading scholars. I think this series will fill an important niche in science publishing because there’s a dearth of books for students and non-specialists who want to know something about this increasingly important field, but want a book more in depth than a popular book but not quite as detailed as the IPCC report or the primary literature.

What are some iconic PUP biology and earth science books?

Some of our most important books include Robert MacArthur and E.O Wilson’s The Theory of Island Biogeography, John Tyler Bonner’s Cellular Slime Molds, Peter Grant’s Ecology and Evolution of Darwin’s Finches, Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems by Robert May, and Luca Cavalli-Sforza’s The History and Geography of Human Genes. More recently, there’s Peter and Rosemary Grant’s How and Why Species Multiply: The Evolution of Darwin’s Finches, Andrew Knoll’s Life on a Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth, T- Rex and the Crater of Doom by Walter Alvarez, and Theoretical Global Seismology by F.A. Dahlen and Jeroen Tromp. It’s always wonderful to walk into a professor’s office and see some of these iconic books on their shelves.

Math Awareness Month – An Interview with Richard Alley

As part of our Math Awareness Month celebrations, we posed 7 Questions  to Richard Alley, one of the world’s leading climate researchers, and he obliged us with a very thoughtful interview on the present and future of this important area of study.  Alley, Professor of Geosciences at Pennsylvania State University, studies how glaciers affect climate, sea level, and landscapes. He has won both teaching and research awards for his work, which has included five expeditions to Greenland and three to Antarctica. He is also the author of The Two-Mile Time Machine: Ice Cores, Abrupt Climate Change, and Our Future.

PUP: What are you currently working on?

Richard Alley: Big Picture: will the ice sheets fall in the ocean and flood the coasts; and, what does the history of the Earth’s climate tell us about the near future.  In more detail, we have just submitted or are about to submit several papers, on which I’m coauthor with students or postdocs or colleagues, that address: i) outburst floods rushing from one lake to another beneath an Antarctic ice stream; ii) why we need to know about the deformation of till (unconsolidated sediment) beneath the ice streams, to predict what the ice sheets will do; iii) when, after Europeans reached North America and transmitted diseases to the native peoples that caused huge die-off, what the resulting change in human activity did to the atmosphere; iv) the role of meltwater wedging open crevasses in determining the rate at which ice-sheets grow and shrink during ice ages; v) new ways to use the deposits left by glaciers to learn how large and rapid the climate changes were that caused the glaciers to leave those deposits.

PUP: How did you become interested in this field?

RA: I chose geology because of my interests in caving, hiking, rock collecting, and general out-of-doors-ing.  I focused on ice initially because the glaciologist at Ohio State had a summer job. But, I stayed with ice because it is so important and interesting.

PUP: How do you use mathematics in your work?

RA: Anything we measure turns into a number, and we need to keep track of those numbers and work with them.  Here is one example of many.  Recently, we were interested in the question of  how meltwater gets to the bed of a glacier.  Water in Greenland flows down great holes, called moulins, huge funnels that plunge most of a mile to the bed of the glacier.  But, nature lacks “drills” to make such holes.  So, we worked up a physical model, considering what tools nature does have.  Our result was that first a crack must open.  Where the crack is thin, the cold ice will refreeze the water; where the crack is thicker, water flow will make enough “frictional” heat to keep the flow going, eventually making the hole.  This model is done in equations, and we “ran the numbers”, finding that one needed a big reservoir of water to drive a crack all the way through the ice and along the bed to the ice front, and to make enough heat to keep a “pipe” open.  So, we suggested that the moulins formed by crevasses opening under lakes that form in hollows on the surface of the ice sheet.  A former student, Sarah Das, and a colleague, Ian Joughin, then were able to obtain funding to go look for this and see whether we “got it right”.  They were next to a lake when the crack opened beneath it, causing water to fall into the ice sheet faster than Niagara Falls, raising the ice and causing it to lurch forward.  Our mathematical work with the physics had successfully predicted what they observed.

PUP: How is mathematics helping us to understand climate change and how the earth works?

RA: We use math to track the data.  We put the physics into math in the computers to help interpret the data, and to help predict the future.  The computer models are now showing real skill in predictions—scientists a decade or two made projections based on mathematical representations about the physics of the climate, and on pretty good guesses about what humans would do, and those projections are proving to have been accurate—the specific humidity of the atmosphere is rising, the dry zones of sinking air where the tropical circulation comes down are expanding, and so on.

PUP: What are the top 3 biggest problems in climate science that still need to be solved?  How will mathematics help solve these problems?
What will the ice sheets do?  What will clouds do?  And, what will people do?  Mathematics is surely needed to solve the first two, and I suspect math will prove more important than ever in solving the third one.

RA: Why should students who are good in math consider research in climate or earth science?  Climate and Earth science really matter. In climate science, humans are going to make decisions about our energy future whether to invest close to a trillion dollars per year to avoid future damages of many trillion dollars per year. Dollars are a way of measuring food and medicine and shelter and other things, so we’re talking about people’s lives.  We must get the science right on this; too much depends on it for us to be sloppy.

PUP: What books, Princeton or otherwise, would you recommend to people who want to learn more about how mathematics and physics are helping us to understand how climate works?

RA: David Archer’s The Long Thaw would be a good start, and I’m partial to my Two-Mile Time Machine.

Mathematics and Climate, PUP Celebrates Math Awareness Month – April 2009

April 2009 is Mathematics Awareness Month, and this year’s theme focuses on the importance of mathematics in climate science.  Here, acquiring editors Ingrid Gnerlich (Physical Sciences) and Vickie Kearn (Mathematics) discuss why the theme of climate is so important this April. We plan to post a series of interviews with our authors that specialize in this area of research and hope you’ll return periodically to read those. All of our Math Awareness material will be gathered here, so please feel free to link through from your blog! So without further delay — on to Ingrid and Vickie’s post!

Why climate? Why now?

Math Awareness Month celebrates the many ways math is used by  scientists to study the climate and Ingrid Gnerlich and Vickie Kearn of PUP say that’s a good thing.

One of the biggest challenges of our time is to fully understand the complexity of the global climate system.  Climate science is an interdisciplinary field of research that encompasses atmospheric science, oceanography, geology, biology/ecology, and even space and planetary science.  Climate scientists conduct in-depth research on key components of the climate system— such as the carbon cycle, ocean and atmosphere circulation, the biosphere, and the cryosphere — with the ultimate goal of understanding how each facet works and exactly how every component influences the system as a whole.  By understanding the fundamental physics behind the essential parts of the climate system and how these parts interact, climate scientists can answer exciting questions, like how the ocean circulates heat around the planet and varies weather patterns, how the composition of the atmosphere affects global temperature, how the melting of polar ice caps can lead to feedback effects, and how the climate of our planet thousands of years ago compares to today’s – and they can make predictions about how the Earth’s climate can change if different aspects of the system are perturbed.

As anyone might guess, making predictions about anything is only possible if you start with deep understanding.  Long ago, people were unsure of whether spring would return each year after the cold, barren winter months; they didn’t understand what caused the phenomenon of spring, and so couldn’t make predictions with confidence.  Nowadays, we understand that the warm, long days of spring and summer come about when the hemisphere on which we live is tilted towards the Sun.  Our understanding gives us the freedom to make reliable predictions, and allows us to plan ahead, improve our quality of life, even live longer.  We take this knowledge for granted nowadays, but a predictive understanding of the phenomenon of spring only came as a result of the patient observation and the detailed calculations of dedicated, curious people many centuries ago.  Modern day climate scientists follow in the footsteps of those early scientists by seeking a predictive understanding of the global climate system, in hopes of benefitting humankind and all forms of life on Earth.  And, for their modern day tools, they use mathematics (calculus, differential equations, probability, statistics, and numerical analysis), physics, and computers.

How the Earth’s climate works, how it will change in the future, and how we can best plan for change on a global scale, are questions of enormous importance such as our species has rarely encountered – and math, physics, and computational science are essential to solving these fundamental problems.  This area of research draws upon many of our best minds, yet the field is filled with opportunities for new and important research and discovery, and it is wide open to innovation, as we look for new energy sources and to form new and better approaches to mitigating the potential effects of climate change.

At Princeton University Press, we aim to disseminate the highest quality information on climate science to students, researchers, and an engaged public.  Our authors and their books are meant to encourage intellectually curious readers, especially those who are talented in mathematics, to explore climate science as a remarkably stimulating, diverse, and impactful area of research.  In celebration of Mathematics Awareness Month, we hope that you will enjoy hearing from a few of our authors directly, regarding the fundamental importance of mathematics in their ongoing research on climate.

Optimism in the Age of Global Warming Panic

David Archer, a leading climatologist and contributor to the blog RealClimate, offers solutions for reducing our impact on the Earth’s climate. In his book,The Long Thaw: How Humans Are Changing the Next 100,000 Years of Earth’s Climate, he tackles the growing problem of the buildup of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere and what we can do about it.

According to Archer, there are many possible strategies for making significant cuts in CO2 emission, each of which are based on technology and methods that already exist. Each of the following examples could cut CO2 emission by a billion metric tons per year, and a portfolio of several of these changes could significantly slow the growth of atmospheric CO2.

  • Increase fuel efficiency for automobiles, from a business-as-usual 30 miles per gallon to a more efficient 60.
  • Alter building practices by using improved insulation and passive lighting to decrease energy use and CO2 emissions while saving money.
  • Capture, purify, and store CO2 in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Coal gasification (a thermo-chemical process) breaks down coal into its basic chemical elements and extracts energy more efficiently than traditional coal-fired plants. Gasification produces CO2 in a more pure form which is more suitable for capture and sequestration.
  • Increase wind power generation by fifty times today’s capacity. This requires investment in the infrastructure of the electrical grid to bring the power to market.
  • Practice no-till agriculture which causes carbon to build up in soils, thus removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Changes in irrigation techniques can also decrease emissions of methane to the atmosphere while saving fresh water.
  • By the end of the century, we’ll need new sources of carbon-free energy. One new source would be to build solar cells on the moon. Here, they would be unobstructed by clouds and blowing dust. Though it would take decades, technological developments, and hundreds of astronaut tours of duty to construct this power source, once construction got started, it could continue until it reached the required amount of energy.
  • Another carbon-free energy source is the creation of high-altitude windmills, flying like kites in the jet stream. Electrical power can be transmitted through wires in the tether. The power density is much higher at 30,000 feet elevation than it is down at the ground. High-altitude windmill power could also potentially scale up to generate the power we’re looking for.